Author: Fire and Ice
•上午1:49

Make Sense or Nonsense

The Fascination of Waiting for Godot 

Beckett is well known as an absurd dramatist as well as a novelist of no negligible standing. Within his long and productive career, he wrote works that are strongly suggestive of two permanent literary phases Modernism and postmodernism, and this feature has helped make him a truly seminal figure in the literature of his century. As a playwright, he helped bring the drama of the absurd into existence in the 1950s and 1960s, and has been regarded as the most important post-Shaw playwright in recent literary history. Becketts major concern is with the human condition, he learned about the nature of modern life and mans lot in the universe so that he felt the need to increase the awareness of the his fellow creatures and keep them awake about their plight. His plays reveal the basic plight of modern mans condition, of which, many are unaware of though already suffering in it. In a word, they are all existentialists of a kind trying to make sense of their senseless lives.

Waiting for Godot is the most famous of all his plays. It was originally written in French in 1948, Beckett personally translated the play into English. The work is thematically concerned with mans salvation through Gods grace. The drama depicts a world that goes through a phrase of crisis of faith. Godot, the miniature of God in a point of fact, never appears despite the long anxious waiting on the part of the vagabonds. No one is sure whether the God still exists, but He has already shown his indifference to man’s lot, feeling no love and compassion for humanity, or the need to communicate with it. He may have condemned the human species without good reason, and have pushed it over to the abyss of agony and suffering.

The play seems to be a big pile of nonsense, filled with a whole lot of “sound and fury,” but “signifies nothing. The tramps engage in no meaningful activities. They talk nonsense and so do Pozzo and Lucky. There is no meaningful relationship between these people. A striking sense of absurdity keeps assailing the readers as well as the audience. Yet the nonsense people read or hear is not entirely without its redeeming virtue: it amuses and forces people to think good and deep about the questions they keep popping up: why do these people behave the way they do? Do they inhabit the same universe as we do? The readers and audience begin to relate to the absurdity of the existence of the characters. They begin to sense it existing in their own lives and realize the absurd nature of human condition in general.

The play touched upon the very nature of life as it is lived. The time was WWII, the intellectual milieu was existentialist by and large, and the people felt the truth of the Existentialist tenets alienation, gloom, and helplessness in face of an utterly humdrum, static environment. The tramps body forth the common humanity in the homelessness, want of physical and spiritual belonging. The redeeming quality these people possess, which delights the common run of humankind and hold and hook the audience, is their wish to live on and their hope that comes from their wish. The fact that the two are still waiting may indicate the strength of the human spirit its tenacity and perseverance and its never giving up on life and man. This spirit can help man to transcend his own spatial and temporal limits and invigorate his life with significance. This is the fascination that the play holds for the people even today.

 


Author: Fire and Ice
•下午4:18

盎格鲁撒克逊的基础

 

盎格鲁撒克逊人指的是日耳曼征服之前说古英语的那些居住在不列颠的日耳曼居民。7世纪到1100年的文学是西撒克逊文学,而现代英语是以中部地区或者麦西亚英语为基础的。早期留存下来的30000多行文学作品都是来自于修道院僧侣之手,这些作品都以四种抄本保存下来:波德林图书馆的《朱尼厄斯十一(Junius XI )、英国图书馆的《维特里乌斯》(Vitellius)、佛西里(意大利北部一家图书馆Vercelly)和《埃克塞特》(Exeter Book)。

              我们所知道的关于英国远古的历史资料都是来自于比德(673-735)所写的《英吉利人民宗教史》(The Ecclesiastical History of the English Race)。比德是个神甫,一生大多数时间在诺森伯兰郡修道院的,他也是一个诗人(《讽刺短时集》)(A Book of Epigrams科学家(《关于事物的属性和时间》)(On the Nature of Things and On Time)、修辞家(《诗歌的艺术》)(The Art of Poetry)。

              史前人类在这片土地上生存了大约有50000年到250000年,在青铜器时代的后面几个世纪里,凯尔特部落迁徙到了这里和当地居民生活在了一起。他们的语言可能是盖尔语,后来变成了不列颠语,从不列颠语又衍生出了威尔士语、布列塔尼语康沃尔语。凯撒大帝在公元前55年到前54年的远征为罗马征服铺平了道路。作为罗马的一个行省,不列颠发展成为繁荣的城市,古罗马广场、剧院、浴室、学校、图书馆、军用道路和营地、建筑遗址这些都揭示了不列颠存在着高度的文明,有着官方颁布的法律的规范,并且整个社会有着良好的文化氛围:石头上的铭文、手工制品上的商标、信件,硬币上的文字和图像可能是官方的一种宣传手段。

              大约450年,罗马统治下的凯尔特人被来自日耳曼和现在丹麦的的部落民族驱逐到西部和北部,他们的居住区从莱茵河延伸到易北河。他们的语言来自于史前条顿人的语言。在日耳曼入侵的时候他们讲同一种语言的方言。古英语隶属于印欧家族的西条顿语分支,它与北条顿语(冰岛和斯堪的纳维亚语)、东条顿语(哥特族语)和西条顿语(弗里西亚语和弗兰肯语都有着紧密的联系。日耳曼语原始的字母表是符文(runes)(一种有尖角的字母),它们来自于拉丁语或希腊语,符文(runes)本身的含义指神秘秘密。人们认为它们本身被赋予了某种神秘的力量。它们被刻在木板、桶板、硬币、武器、戒指、角质酒杯、石碑上。木板被称作“boc”book),后来人们又把蜂蜡涂在木板上,用带尖的金属器具刻字,或者就用羊皮纸来书写,但是纸质手稿、钢笔和羽毛笔的使用是在十五世纪的事情了。

              入侵者以小型的政治团体为组织,远征队的酋长或领导组成了盎格鲁撒克逊贵族王朝的七国联盟统治,它后来就被命名为盎格鲁人(Angul-cyn; Englisc):盎格鲁人居住在诺森布里亚、麦西亚、和东英吉利亚,朱特人居住在肯特,撒克逊人(原来叫盎格鲁——撒克逊人)住在埃塞克斯韦塞克斯他们就指的是英格兰的撒克逊人,和欧洲大陆上其他人有所区别。

              国王周围的贵族(家臣)们组成了他们自己的朝廷,他们有着一种相互信任的纽带关系。家臣们有着和国王相同的宗族关系,国王就是他们中最年长的。国王会赏给他们土地或黄金,而他们就要在战争中支持国王并且尊敬他一直到死。家族中的忠诚也是非常重要的。他们会为死去的亲人复仇或者从杀人凶手那里索要金钱作为赔偿,这也是法律根据凶犯的级别有明确规定的。

              罗马人在三世纪的时候就开始向凯尔特人传播基督教,在日耳曼入侵后很多原罗马统治下的凯尔特人仍然信仰基督教。英国人皈依基督教是教皇格列高里的功劳,他在597年派本笃会修饰圣·奥古斯丁去肯特,当时肯特国王埃塞尔伯特国王的王后法兰克王后是基督徒。在597年的圣诞节,有一万人受洗。坎特伯雷就成了英国第一个主教的所在地。到了7世纪末,几乎所有的英格兰人都皈依了基督教,有的则通过北方爱丹的爱尔兰传教士或南方奥古斯丁的传教士皈依了基督教。不同的是,后者传播的是罗马教区的传统,这就要给主教和神甫建立教堂,希伯来群岛爱奥那岛上的僧侣梦建立了修道院(林迪斯芳、伽罗、惠特比),并在那里撰写了装饰华丽的手稿和石质十字架。为什么会有着如此强烈的对于新信念的需求呢?我们在比德对爱德温国王诺森布里亚皈依基督教的解释中可见一斑,然而他们在一开始就收到了命运之神的谴责,最终使他们走上了末日审判之路,是基督教给了他们拯救的希望,科菲(Coifi),埃德温的大祭司写到:

              我早就意识到在我们所崇拜的事物中我们什么都找不到,我越不辞辛苦地在我们的宗教中找到真理,我发现的东西就越少。现在我当众表白,这个教义给我们所揭示的就是对于生活的祝愿,拯救和永远的快乐

              在整个中世纪,基督教、贵族和写作一直是紧密联系的但是,就像是1939年在萨顿胡埋藏在沙堆里贵族船的考古发掘证明的那样如果我们追溯到7世纪,后面的23个世纪就是一个过渡阶段,在这一阶段,异教与基督教的元素自由的混合在一起。和尸体堆放到一起的两个银勺上面刻着Saul”Paul”Saul皈 圣保罗)。C. L. 雷恩(C. L. Wrenn)在他的书中也提到了用鲸骨做的小盒子,这个小盒子是当时布莱葛翁(Bregowine),也就是坎特伯雷的大主教,在8世纪后半叶送给美因茨大主教的(现在陈列在大英博物馆,叫Franks Casket),在这个盒子上,每一个侧面都刻了基督教史、罗马教会史和日耳曼英雄史诗中的片段,还附带着古用北欧文字做的描述性注解。这种历史环境对于了解这个多元素的熔炉有着很大的帮助,英国文学也就是从这个熔炉里面诞生的。

拉丁字母随着基督教传教士的传播而广为流传,日耳曼北欧字体就让位给了奥古斯丁的罗马字母,后来它又被爱尔兰僧侣带来的漂亮简介的拉丁半安色尔字体所代替。现在字母表中保存的北欧文字有三个,wththorn)和eththis),这三个都是用作辅音的。牛皮或羊皮的手稿非常的昂贵,所以,在中世纪的时候,它们是用链子锁在书架上的。

 

 

 


Author: Fire and Ice
•上午12:53